Prevalence, Peculiarities and Patterns of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Hematuria in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria

Peletu B.J.¹, Ofoezie I.E.² and Ikwuka A.O.^3,

¹Department of Allied Health & Biological Sciences, College of Health Sciences (CHS), Legacy University, The Gambia

²Institute of Ecology & Environmental Studies, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Osun State, Nigeria

³Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Health Sciences (CHS), Legacy University, The Gambia

Cite this paper

Peletu B.J., Ofoezie I.E. and Ikwuka A.O.. Prevalence, Peculiarities and Patterns of Urogenital Schistosomiasis and Hematuria in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. American Journal of Public Health Research. 2023; 11(2):56-61. doi: 10.12691/AJPHR-11-2-3

Abstract

Background: Schistosomiasis, Leprosy, Leishmaniasis, Malaria, Trypanosomiasis and Filariasis are the six major tropical diseases, specially targeted for control by the Special Program for Research and Training on Tropical Diseases of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), World Bank and World Health Organization. Out of the above six diseases, schistosomiasis is the second most important tropical diseases, second only to malaria. The distribution of schistosomiasis cuts across 76 countries in Africa, Latin America and Asia. Schistosoma hematobium endemicity cuts across 54 countries. Aim: To study the prevalence, peculiarities and patterns of urogenital schistosomiasis and hematuria in Owena Reservoir Area for an effective, affordable and sustainable schistosomiasis control in the area. Materials and methods: Owena Reservoir Area consists of Owena, Kajola and Baiken communities. A school-based cross-sectional technique was used for urine collection and quantification of Schistosoma hematobium eggs which involved 624 pupils in March 2014 and 591 pupils in April 2015. Risk factors, socio-demographic variables were collected using questionnaires. Urine samples were examined for Schistosoma hematobium eggs using sedimentation by gravity cum centrifugation. The urine samples obtained from the pupils were divided into two separate 30ml universal sterling plastic bottles with conical bottom. The first of the two 30ml universal sterling plastic bottles were examined for Schistosoma hematobium eggs using sedimentation by gravity cum centrifugation. The second of the two 30ml universal sterling plastic bottles were assessed for gross hematuria through visual observation of bloody urine while non-bloody samples were examined for micro-hematuria using one strip of commercially prepared chemical reagent strips COMBUR-9 prepared and marketed by Acun Laboratory USA which was dipped into each urine sample and the color change was matched with standard by the side of the container of the reagent strips. Results: Out of the 624 pupils examined in March 2014, 256 (41.0%) were positive for Schistosoma hematobium eggs in urine, while in April 2015, 381 (64.5%) out of 591 were positive. Prevalence of hematuria in the three communities shows that in Owena community the age group 21 – 30 had the highest prevalence (49.2%); in Kajola, the age group 5-10 had the highest prevalence (46.2%); while in Baiken community, the age group 5-10 had the highest prevalence (55.5%) – with 95% Confidence Interval in all cases. Conclusion: Macrohematuria was identified as a sensitive and specific diagnostic technique for identifying people infected with Schistosoma hematobium in the three communities. This parameter may be recommended as a cost saving diagnostic approach during future control efforts, with reference to the April 2015 peculiarities and patterns of infection shown by this study.

Keywords

Urogenital schistosomiasis, hematuria, macrohematuria, microhematuria, Schistosoma hematobium, Owena Reservoir Area

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]	Weinland. Digenea Schistosomatidae and the intermediate snail host general. Revue de Zoologie Africaine Tervuren. 1858; 100: 137-152.
[2]	Ahmad MM, Abubakar MM, Lawal M, Shuaibu I, Tijani AM. Urinary and Intestinal schistosomiasis among primary school aged children in Dutse, Jigawa State, Nigeria. International Journal of Biological Sciences (IJBS). 2015; 2(1): 15-22.
[3]	Ofoezie IE. Human health and sustainable water resources development in Nigeria: schistosomiasis in artificial lakes. Natural Resources Forum. 2002; 26: 150-160.
[4]	Oladejo SO, Ofoezie IE. Unabated Schistosomiasis in Erinle river dam, Osun State, Nigeria: evidence of neglect of environmental effects of developments. Journal of Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2006: 11(6): 843-850.
[5]	Ugbomoiko US, Ofoezie IE, Okoye IC, Heukelbach J. Factors associated with urinary schistosomiasis in two peri-urban communities in South-western Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 2010; 104(5): 409-419.
[6]	World Health Organization. Updated Facts on Schistosomiasis. 2015.
[7]	Ekpo UF, Akintunde L, Oluwole AS, Sam-Wobo SO, Mafiama E. Urinary schistosomiasis among pre-school children in a rural community near Abeokuta, Nigeria. Parasite and Vector. 2012; 3: 58.
[8]	Peletu BJ. Schistosoma Intermediate Host Profile, Ecological Variations and Human Factors Influencing Schistosomiasis Transmission in Owena Reservoir Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2016: 217.
[9]	Babatunde TA, Asaolu SO, Sowemimo OA. Urinary schistosomiasis among pre-school and school aged children in two peri-urban communities in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Parasitology and Vector Biology. 2013; S17: 96-110.
[10]	Hotex PJ, Kamath A. Neglected Tropical Diseases in sub-Saharan Africa: Review of their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden. PLuS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2009; 3: e412.
[11]	Oladejo SO. Assessment of Schistosomiasis using Geographic Information System/Remote Sensing in Osun State, Southwest, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, University of Ibadan, Nigeria. 2011.
[12]	Lengeler C, Utzinger J, Tanner M. Questionnaires for rapid screening of schistosomiasis in sub-Saharan Africa. Bull. World Health Organ. 2002; 80: 235-242.
[13]	Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Ikwuka AO. Urogenital schistosomiasis transmission and human water contact patterns in Aponmu-Lona river basin, Idanre, Ondo State, Nigeria. Donn. J. Med. Med. Sci. 2020; 6(1): 1-8.
[14]	World Health Organization. Urine Filtration technique for S. haematobium infection. Geneva, Switzerland. 2014.
[15]	Peletu BJ. Ecology of Fresh Water Snails Transmitting Schistosoma haematobium in Aponmu-Lona River Basin, Idanre, Ondo State, Nigeria. MSc Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 2010.
[16]	Peletu BJ, Ofoezie IE, Ikwuka AO. Attitude, Knowledge, Perception, Behavioural, Cultural and Religious Practices Influencing Transmission of Urogenital Schistosomiasis in Owena, Kajola and Baiken Communities Bordering Owena Reservoir/Dam, Ondo East Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria. European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences. 2023; 5(1): 23-30.
[17]	Ibironke OA, Phillips AE, Garba A, Lamine SM, Shiff C. Diagnosis of Schistosoma haematobium by detection of specific DNA fragments from filtered urine samples. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2011; 84(6): 998.
[18]	Amaechi EC. Urinary schistosomiasis among school age children in some rural communities of Abia state, South Eastern Nigeria. Animal Research International. 2014; 11(2): 1953-1957.
[19]	Asaolu SO, Ofoezie IE. A simple method for concentrating eggs of Schistosoma haematobium in the urine. The Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 1990; 9(11): 47-50.
[20]	Otuneme OG, Akinkuade FO, Obebe OO, Usiobeigbe OS, Faloye TG, Olasebikan AS, Akinleye WA, Koku OD. A study on the prevalence of Schistosoma haematobium and Schistosoma intercalatum in a rural community of Ogun State, Nigeria. South East Asia Journal of Public Health. 2015; 4(1): 67-71.
[21]	Ishaleku D, Yako AB, Usman D, Azamu SA. Schistosoma haematobium infection among school children in Keffi Town, Nasarawa State, Nigeria. Scholarly J. Med. 2012; 2(7): 104-7.
[22]	Banji BB, Mann A, Nma EM, Obi PV, Ezeako IA. Prevalence of schistosomiasis and other intestinal Helminth parasite among school children in Bida, Niger State, Nigeria. European Journal of Scientific Research. 2011; 621-626.
[23]	Ugbomoiko SO. The prevalence, incidence and distribution of human urinary schistosomiasis in Edo state, Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Parasitology. 2000; 21: 314.
[24]	Ofoezie IE, Christenses NO, Madsen H. Water contact patterns and behavioural knowledge of schistosomiasis in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Biosocial Science. 1998; 30: 245-259.
[25]	Jordan P, Webbe G, Sturrock RF. Human schistosomiasis, Wallingford CAB International. 1993: 159-193.
[26]	Ofoezie IE. A Study of Urinary Schistosomiasis Transmission in Resettlement Communities bordering Oyan River Dam, Ogun State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Nigeria. 1995; 273.
[27]	Jordan P, Webbe G. Epidemiology, In: Jordan P, Webbe G, Sturrock RF (ed) Human schistosomiasis, Wallingford CAB International, 1993; 159-193.