Waleed S. Mohamed and Khaled Alswat. Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency and the Association between Vitamin D and Waist Circumference and the Framingham Risk Stratifications.
. 2015; 3(6):207-213. doi: 10.12691/AJPHR-3-6-2
vitamin D, waist circumference, coronary artery disease, Framingham risk scores
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit
[1] | Bruyère O, Malaise O, Neuprez A, Collette J, Reginster J: Prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy in European postmenopausal women. Curr Med Res Opin 2007, 23:1939-1944. |
|
[2] | Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocr Rev 2005; 26:662-687. |
|
[3] | Dusso A, Sato T, Arcidiacono M, Alvarez-Hernandez D, Yang J, Gonzalez-Suarez I, et al. Pathogenic mechanisms for parathyroid hyperplasia. Kidney Int Suppl 2006; 2: S8-S11. |
|
[4] | Holick M. Vitamin D deficiency. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 266-281. |
|
[5] | Holick M. Vitamin D: Evolutionary, Physiological and Health Perspectives. Curr Drug Targets. 2011; 12:4-18. |
|
[6] | Pinelli N, Jaber L, Brown M, Herman W. Serum 25-hydroxy vitamin d and insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and glucose intolerance among Arab Americans. Diabetes Care 2010, 33: 1373-1375. |
|
[7] | MacLaughlin J, Holick M. Aging decreases the capacity of human skin to produce vitamin D3. J Clin Invest 1985; 76: 1536-1538. |
|
[8] | Webb A, Pilbeam C, Hanafin N, Holick M. An evaluation of the relative contributions of exposure to sunlight and of diet to the circulating concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in an elderly nursing home population in Boston. Am J Clin Nutr 1990; 51:1075-1081. |
|
[9] | Barragry JM, France MW, Corless D, et al. Intestinal cholecalciferol absorption in the elderly and in younger adults. Clin Sci Mol Med 1978; 55:213-220. |
|
[10] | Anderson J, May H, Horne B, Bair T, Hall N, Carlquist J. Intermountain Heart Collaborative (IHC) Study Group, et al: Relation of vitamin D deficiency to cardiovascular risk factors, disease status, and incident events in a general healthcare population. Am J Cardiol 2010, 106:963-968. |
|
[11] | Kendrick J, Targher G, Smits G, Chonchol M. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency is independently associated with cardiovascular disease in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Atherosclerosis 2009, 205:255-260. |
|
[12] | Boutayeb A. The double burden of communicable and noncommunicable diseases in developing countries. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2006, 100:191-9. |
|
[13] | The world health report 2002. Reducing risks, promoting healthy life [article online], Available from http://www.who.int/whr/2002/en/. Accessed 30 May, 2005 |
|
[14] | Freedman S. Global cardiology comes to Australia. Proceedings of the 14th World Congress of Cardiology; 2002 May 5-9; Sydney, Australia. |
|
[15] | Gaziano T, Bitton A, Anand S, Abrahams-Gessel S, Murphy A growing epidemic of coronary heart disease in low- and middle-income countries. Curr Probl Cardiol 2010, 35:72-115. |
|
[16] | Abalkhail B, Shawky S, Ghabrah T, Millat W. Hypercholesterolemia and 5-year risk of development of coronary heart disease among university and school workers in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Prev Med 2000; 31: 390-395. |
|
[17] | National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Overweight, obesity, and health risk. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160:898-904. [PubMed: 10761953]. |
|
[18] | World Health Organization. WHO technical report series. Vol. 894. Geneva: WHO; 2004. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic. |
|
[19] | Flegal K, Graubard B, Williamson D, Gail M. Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2007; 298 (17): 2028-37. [PubMed: 17986696]. |
|
[20] | Willett W. Nutritional Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press; 1998. |
|
[21] | Jansen I, Heymsfield SB, Allison DB, et al. Body mass index and waist circumference independently contribute to the prediction of nonabdominal, abdominal subcutaneous, and visceral fat. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 75:683-8. [PubMed: 11916754] Flint et al. Page 8 Obes Res Clin Pract. Author manuscript; available in PMC, 2011 July 1. |
|
[22] | Chan D, Watts G, Barrett PHR, et al. Waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and body mass index as predictors of adipose tissue compartments in men. Q J Med 2003; 96:441-7. |
|
[23] | Schneider HJ, Klotsche J, Stalla GK, Wittchen HU. 2006 Obesity and risk of myocardial infarction: the INTERHEART study. Lancet 367:1052. |
|
[24] | Sokal R and Rahif F. (1981): The Principles and Practical of Statistic in Biological Research. 2nd ed. Freeman, W.H. Company, San Frrancisco. |
|
[25] | Thacher, D, Bart L. “Vitamin D insufficiency.” Mayo Clinic Proceedings, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 50-60. Elsevier, 2011. |
|
[26] | Holick MF. Sunlight and vitamin D for bone health and prevention of autoimmune diseases, cancers, and cardiovascular disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;80 (6, Suppl): 1678S-1688S. |
|
[27] | Grant WB, Holick MF. Benefits and requirements of vitamin D for optimal health: a review. Altern Med Rev. 2005; 10:94-111. |
|
[28] | Holick, Michael F. “High prevalence of vitamin D inadequacy and implications for health.” In Mayo Clinic Proceedings 2006, vol. 81, no. 3, pp. 353-373. |
|
[29] | Elsammak M, Al-Wossaibi A, A Al-Howeish, Alsaeed J. “High prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in the sunny Eastern region of Saudi Arabia: a hospital-based study.” EMHJ 17, no. 4 (2011): 317-322. |
|
[30] | Alharbi, Ayman S., Anas Al-Omery, and Hedaib Safa'M. “Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Healthy Saudi Men.” J. App. Med. Sci., 2013; 1(6):863-866. |
|
[31] | Al-Nozha M, Arafah M, Al-Mazrou Y, et al. Coronary artery disease in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2004; Vol. 25 (9): 1165-1171. |
|
[32] | Kumosani T, Alama M, Iyer A. Cardiovascular diseases in Saudi Arabia. Prime Research in Medicine; 2011, Vol. 1 (x), 1-06. |
|
[33] | Ibrahim N, Mahnashi M, Amal A, Al-Zahrani B, et al. Risk factors of coronary heart disease among medical students in King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMC Public Health 2014, 14:411, 1-9. |
|
[34] | Berry J, Lloyd-Jones D, Garside D, Greenland P. Framingham risk score and prediction of coronary heart disease death in young men. Am Heart J 2007, 154 (1): 80-86. |
|
[35] | Mohan V, Deepa R, Rani S, Premalatha G. Prevalence of coronary artery diseases and its relationship to lipids in a selected population in south India. J Am Coll Cardiol 2001; 38: 682-687. |
|
[36] | Oikonen M, Laitinen T, Magnussen C, Steinberger J, et.al. Ideal cardiovascular health in young adult populations from the United States, Finland, and Australia and its association with cIMT: the International Childhood Cardiovascular Cohort Consortium. J Am Heart Assoc 2013, 2: e000244. |
|
[37] | Burke J, Reilly R, Morrell J, Lofgren I. The University of New Hampshire’s Young Adult Health Risk Screening Initiative. J Am Diet Assoc 2009, 109:1751-1758. United States. |
|
[38] | Bertsias G, Mammas I, Linardakis M, Kafatos A. Overweight and obesity in relation to cardiovascular disease risk factors among medical students in Crete. Greece BMC Public Health 2003, 3:3. |
|
[39] | Inam S. Prevalence of Overweight and Obesity among Students of a Medical College in Saudi Arabia. Jlumhs 2008, 7:41-43. |
|
[40] | Allam A, Taha I, Al-Nozha O, Sultan I. Nutritional and health status of medical students at a university in Northwestern Saudi Arabia. Saudi Med J 2012, 33 (12): 1296-1303. |
|
[41] | Flint A, Rexrode K, Hu F, Glynn R, Caspard H, Manson J, Willett1W, Rimm E. Body mass index, waist circumference, and risk of coronary heart disease: a prospective study among men and women. Obes Res Clin Pract. 2010; 4 (3): e171-e181. |
|
[42] | Sabra A, Taha A, Al-Sebiany A, Al-Kurashi N, Al-Zubier A. Coronary heart disease risk factors: prevalence and behavior among male university students in Dammam City, Saudi Arabia. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2007, 82:2-42. |
|
[43] | Larson N, Neumark-Sztainer D, Story M, Wall M, Harnack L, Eisenberg M. Fast food intake: longitudinal trends during the transition to young adulthood and correlates of intake. J Adolesc Health 2008, 43 (1): 79-86. |
|
[44] | Alqurashi K, Aljabri K, and Bokhari S. Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Saudi community. Ann Saudi Med. 2011 Jan-Feb; 31 (1): 19-23. |
|
[45] | Magadle R, Weiner P, Beckerman M, Yanay N. C-Reactive Protein as a Marker for Active Coronary Artery Disease in Patients with Chest Pain in the Emergency Room. Clin. Cardiol.; 2002, 25, 456-460. |
|