Comparison of Malaria Control Interventions in Southern Africa

Ferdinand Nsengimana^1,

¹Moi University, College of Health Sciences, School of Nursing

Cite this paper

Ferdinand Nsengimana. Comparison of Malaria Control Interventions in Southern Africa. American Journal of Public Health Research. 2020; 8(5):132-139. doi: 10.12691/AJPHR-8-5-1

Abstract

Background: There is a need of more evidence on which of the two malaria prevention methods, mosquito bednets and indoor residual spraying, is more effective than the other. Objective: To compare the effectiveness of mosquito bednets and indoor residual spraying in the prevention of malaria in Southern Africa. Based on the Health Belief Model, the research questions tested whether there is any relationship between the use of mosquito bednet or the use of indoor residual spraying and reporting fever. Materials and Methods: Using a quantitative research design, secondary data from the 2010 - 2011 Zimbabwe demographic and health survey, 2013 Namibia demographic health survey, and 2013 - 2014 Zambia demographic and health survey were analyzed using IBM/SPSS version 26. Chi-square for association, logistic regression, and multinomial logistic regression tests were conducted with significance level set at p value of ≤ .05. Results: From 2044 children who slept under mosquito bednet the night before data collection 21.8% (n = 446) reported fever during the previous two weeks prior to data collection compared to 22.1% (n = 606) of 2748 children who did not sleep under mosquito bednet. There was no statistically significant association between the use of mosquito bednet and reporting fever during the previous two weeks, x² (1) = 0.037, p = .848, odds = .987, 95% CI [.859, 1.133]. From 2748 children who lived in dwellings that were not sprayed against mosquito 22.1% (n = 606) reported fever compared to 20.8% (n = 288) of 1387 children who lived in sprayed dwellings. There was no statistically significant association between the use of indoor residual spraying and reporting fever, x² (1) = 0.903, p = .342, odds = .926, 95% CI [.791, 1.085]. Conclusion: The absence of significant association between mosquito bednet use or indoor residual spraying and having fever in this study could be due to the fact that fever can also manifest in conditions other than malaria. Thus, effort should be made to conduct malaria blood test before concluding whether one has malaria or not based on presence or absence of fever. Furthermore, studies focusing on malaria prevalence should consider collecting data on other variables such as malaria blood test results.

Keywords

malaria, mosquito bednet, indoor residual spraying

Copyright

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

References

[1]	World Health Organization, Malaria, November 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs094/en/. [Accessed Feb. 6, 2020].
[2]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria, July 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/malaria/about/disease.html. [Accessed Feb. 6, 2020].
[3]	Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Malaria, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/malaria/index.html. [Accessed Feb. 6, 2020].
[4]	World Health Organization, Malaria, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/malaria/en/. [Accessed Feb. 6, 2020].
[5]	World Health Organization, World malaria report 2019, Dec 2019. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/feature- stories/detail/world-malaria-report-2019. [Accessed Feb. 6, 2020].
[6]	A. Asidi, R. N’ Guessan, M. Akogbeto, C. Curtis, and M. Rowland, “Loss of household protection from use of insecticide-treated nets against pyrethroid-resistant mosquitoes, Benin,” Emerging Infectious Diseases, 18(7), July 2012. [Online]. Available: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3376816/. [Accessed Sept. 10, 2016].
[7]	V. Corbel, M. Akogbeto, G. B. Damien, A. Djenontin, F. Chandre, C. Rogier, … M. C. Henry, “Combination of malaria vector control interventions in pyrethroid resistance area in Benin: a cluster randomised controlled trial,” The Lancet Infectious Diseases, 12(8), 617-626, August 2012.
[8]	L. Yakob, R. Dunning, and G. Yan, “Indoor residual spray and insecticide-treated bednets for malaria control: theoretical synergisms and antagonisms,” Journal of the Royal Society Interface, 8. 59, November 2010.
[9]	J. E. Gimning, P. Otieno, V. Were, D. Marwanga, D. Abong’o, R. Wiegand, … M. J. Hamel, “The effect of indoor residual spraying on the prevalence of malaria parasite infection, clinical malaria and anemia in an area of perennial transmission and moderate coverage of insecticide treated nets in western Kenya,” PLoS ONE, 11(1), January 2016. [Online]. Available: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0 145282. [Accessed Feb. 20, 2018].
[10]	M. Kanyangarara, E. Mamini, S. Mharakurwa, S. Munyati, L. Gwanzura, T. Kobayashi, … Southern Africa International Centers of Excellence for Malaria Research, “Reduction in malaria incidence following indoor residual spraying with actellic 300 CS in a setting with pyrethroid resistance: Mutasa District, Zimbabwe,” PLoS ONE, 11(3), March 2016. [Online]. Available: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0 151971. [Accessed Jan. 28, 2018].
[11]	S. Raouf, A. Mpimbaza, R. Kigozi, A. Sserwanga, D. Rubahika, H. Katamba, … G. Dorsey, “Resurgence of malaria following discontinuation of indoor residual spraying of insecticide in an area of Uganda with previously high-transmission intensity,” Clinical Infectious Diseases, 65(3), 453-460, March 2017.
[12]	L. C. Steinhardt, A. Yeka, S. Nasr, R. E. Wiegand, D. Rubahika, A. Sserwanga, … S. Filler, “The effect of indoor residual spraying on malaria and anemia in high transmission area of northern Uganda,” The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 88(5), 855-861, May 2013.
[13]	O. Sy, E. A. Niang, M. Ndiaye, L. Konaté, A. Diallo, E. C. C. Ba, … O. Faye, “Entomological impact of indoor residual spraying with pirimiphos-methyl: a pilot study in an area of low malaria transmission in Senegal,” Malaria Journal, 17(64), February 2018. [Online]. Available: https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936- 018-2212-x. [Accessed Mar. 26, 2018].
[14]	F. Nsengimana, “Comparison of malaria control interventions in Angola,” American Journal of Public Health Research, 7(2), 33-40, March 2019.
[15]	Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency, Zimbabwe population census 2012, (n.d.). [Online]. Available: http://196.43.99.13/sites/default/files/img/National_Report.pdf.
[16]	Namibia Statistics Agency, Namibia 2011 population and housing census main report, (n.d.). [Online]. Available: http://cms.my.na/assets/documents/p19dmn58guram30ttun89rdrp1.pdf. [Accessed Aug. 6, 2016].
[17]	Central Statistical Office, Ministry of Health, University of Zambia Teaching Hospital, Virology Laboratory, University of Zambia Department of Population Studies, Tropical Diseases Research Centre, & The DHS Program ICF International, Zambia demographic and health survey 2013-14, March 2015. [Online]. Available: https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR304/FR304.pdf [Accessed Aug. 6, 2016]
[18]	Zimbabwe National Statistics Agency (ZIMSTAT) & ICF International, Zimbabwe demographic and health survey 2010-11, 2012. [Online]. Available: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR254/FR254.pdf. [Accessed Aug. 6, 2016]
[19]	Ministry of Health and Social Services & Namibia Statistics Agency, Namibia demographic and health survey 2013, 2014. [Online]. Available: https://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/FR298/FR298.pdf. [Accessed Aug. 6, 2016].
[20]	M. Selemani, A. S. Msengwa, S. Mrema, A. Shamte, M. J. Mahande, K. Yeates, … A. M. Lutambi, “Assessing the effects of mosquito nets on malaria mortality using a space time model: A case study of Rufiji and Ifakara Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites in rural Tanzania,” Malaria Journal, 15, 1-14, May 2016.
[21]	P. A. West, N. Protopopoff, A. Wright, Z. Kivaju, R. Tigererwa, F. W. Mosha, … I. Kleinschmidt, “Enhanced protection against malaria by indoor residual spraying in addition to insecticide treated nets: Is it dependent on transmission intensity or net usage?,” PLoS One,10(3), March 2015. [Online]. Available: https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0115661. [Accessed Sept. 5, 2016].
[22]	P. D. Ellis, The essential guide to effect sizes: Statistical power, meta-analysis, and the interpretation of research results, Cambridge, New York, 2010.
[23]	Demographic and Health Surveys Program, DHS overview, n.d. [Online]. Available: http://dhsprogram.com/What-We-Do/Survey-Types/DHS.cfm. [Accessed June 16, 2016].
[24]	T. N. Quenneh, (2016). Insecticide treated nets as an effective malaria control strategy in Liberia, July 2016. [Doctoral dissertation]. [Online]. Available: https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=311 5&context=dissertations. [Accessed June 23, 2017].
[25]	K. L. Lindblade, D. Mwandama, L. Steinhardt, J. Gimning, M. Shah, … D. P. Mathanga, “A cohort study of the effectiveness of insecticide-treated bed nets to prevent malaria in an area of moderate pyrethroid resistance, Malawi,” Malaria Journal, 14(31), January 2015. [Online]. Available: https://malariajournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12936- 015-0554-1. [Accessed Jan. 20, 2018].
[26]	World Health Organization, International travel and health: Malaria, 2018. [Online]. Available: http://www.who.int/ith/diseases/malaria/en/. [Accessed May. 11, 2018].